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- SCIENCE, Page 43Sexy GenesRewriting the laws of heredity
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- Scientists have long believed that at the genetic level, men
- and women are pretty much the same. According to textbooks, only
- two of the 46 gene-carrying chromosomes in a human cell -- a pair
- known as the sex chromosomes -- are noticeably different in males
- and females. But at a genetics seminar last week at Jackson
- Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Me., this conventional wisdom took a
- beating. Participants cited evidence that there may be many more
- differences in male and female genes than previously thought. That
- revelation challenges assumptions about heredity held for more than
- a century.
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- Human chromosomes come in 23 pairs. One member of each pair is
- from a person's mother and the other from the father. Except for
- the two sex chromosomes, the members of each pair were thought to
- be interchangeable. It seemed that the way a chromosome functioned
- in the cell had nothing to do with whether it came from the mother
- or the father.
-
- But new studies of genetic diseases suggest that the
- chromosomes from the two parents can play slightly different roles.
- For example, children who through a reproductive malfunction
- receive two copies of chromosome No. 7 from their mother and no
- copy from their father sometimes suffer from a severely retarded
- growth rate. Naturally occurring cases of a kidney cancer called
- Wilms tumor are caused by a missing chromosome. But in almost all
- cases, the missing chromosome was the mother's, not the father's.
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- "This is just absolutely mind boggling," said Judith Hall, a
- geneticist from the University of British Columbia. "It's a new
- way of thinking." And that new way may continue to reveal subtle
- differences in the genetic makeup of the two sexes.